- Between 4.0 to 5.4 mmol/L (72 to 99 mg/dL) in a fasting state [361]
- Up to 7.8 mmol/L (140 mg/dL) after 2 hours of consuming a meal
For people with diabetes, the blood sugar level goals are as follows:
- Before meals: 4 to 7 mmol/L for individuals with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes
- After meals: below 9 mmol/L for type 1 diabetes and below 8.5 mmol/L for type 2 diabetes
Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)
CGM is a method used to track blood glucose levels throughout the day and night. This device provides real-time glucose readings and can help individuals with diabetes or prediabetes better manage their condition.
Postprandial glucose test
A postprandial glucose test measures blood glucose levels 2 hours after eating a meal. Elevated levels may indicate prediabetes or diabetes.
Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)
SMBG involves using a glucose meter to measure blood sugar levels at various times during the day. This method is commonly used by individuals with diabetes to monitor how their diet, physical activity, and medication regimen affect their blood sugar levels.
It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate tests for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes, as well as developing a personalized treatment plan.
Why are good blood sugar levels important?
Effective management of blood glucose levels reduces the risk of diabetes complications over time. By maintaining good practices consistently, these risks can be minimized.
Emphasizing the importance of knowing your blood sugar levels, Mark Kearney, BHF Professor of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research at the University of Leeds, highlights the significance of this knowledge.
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What are blood sugar levels?
After the body releases insulin post-meal to regulate blood glucose levels, glucose from food is crucial for cellular energy.
Blood sugar levels, also known as blood glucose levels, refer to the amount of glucose present in the bloodstream. Glucose is the body’s primary source of energy, and it is essential for the proper functioning of the cells and organs. The body carefully regulates blood sugar levels to ensure a steady supply of energy to the cells.
Why do your blood sugar levels matter?
Inadequate insulin levels or insulin resistance can result in high blood sugar levels, damaging blood vessels and leading to health issues like heart and kidney disease.
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Should I have my blood sugar checked?
To manage risks and prevent complications, discuss diabetes symptoms with your GP and undergo testing.
It is important to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly, especially if you have diabetes. Consistently high blood sugar levels can lead to complications such as nerve damage, kidney problems, and cardiovascular disease. To help keep your blood sugar levels within the target range, you should follow a healthy diet, exercise regularly, take prescribed medications as directed, and monitor your levels closely.
If you are experiencing frequent high blood sugar levels, it is essential to speak to your healthcare provider. They can help adjust your treatment plan as needed and provide guidance on managing your blood sugar levels effectively.
How do I reduce my blood sugar levels?
Maintain blood sugar levels with a balanced diet, limiting added sugars and incorporating nutritious foods.
What is an HbA1c test?
HbA1c testing provides an average of blood sugar levels over several months, aiding in monitoring and preventing diabetes.
Regular HbA1c testing is essential for individuals with diabetes to track their blood sugar control over time. This test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is coated with sugar, giving an indication of average blood sugar levels. Maintaining a healthy HbA1c level can help reduce the risk of long-term complications from diabetes, such as heart disease, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
Should I get a continuous blood sugar monitor?
While blood sugar monitors assist in managing levels and supporting health, consult a healthcare professional before using continuous monitoring if you don’t have diabetes as its benefits are uncertain.
Continuous blood sugar monitors can be particularly helpful for individuals with diabetes who need to closely monitor their blood sugar levels throughout the day. These devices provide real-time data and can help individuals make informed decisions about their diet, medication, and overall lifestyle choices.
However, for individuals without diabetes, the benefits of continuous blood sugar monitoring may not be as clear. While some people may find value in tracking their blood sugar levels for general health purposes, others may not see a significant benefit. It is important to discuss with a healthcare provider whether continuous monitoring is appropriate for your specific health needs and goals.
Meet the expert
Specializing in researching diabetes-related heart disease, Professor Mark Kearney aims to tackle cardiovascular complications associated with type 2 diabetes.
To check your blood sugar levels, use a blood sugar meter (or glucometer) or a continuous glucose monitor (CGM).
A blood sugar meter measures blood sugar from a small blood sample taken from your fingertip, while a CGM measures blood sugar under the skin every few minutes.
When using a CGM, it’s still essential to test daily with a blood sugar meter for accurate readings.
When should I check my blood sugar?
The frequency of blood sugar checks depends on the type of diabetes and the medication you’re taking.
Common times to check blood sugar include:
- Upon waking, before eating anything
- Before a meal
- Two hours after a meal
- Before going to bed
If you have type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes with insulin, or experience low blood sugar, your doctor may recommend more frequent checks, such as before and after physical activity.
Your blood sugar target
A blood sugar target is a desired range you aim for, with typical targets being:
- Before a meal: 80 to 130 mg/dL
- Two hours after a meal: Less than 180 mg/dL
Your targets may vary based on age, other health conditions, and individual factors. Consult your healthcare team for personalized goals.
What causes low blood sugar?
Blood sugar levels below 70 mg/dL are considered low, known as hypoglycemia, which can be caused by missed meals, excess insulin, other diabetes medications, increased physical activity, or alcohol consumption.
What causes high blood sugar?
Various factors can lead to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), such as illness, stress, overeating, or inadequate insulin. If levels go above 240 mg/dL during sickness, use a ketone test kit to check for high ketones, indicating potential diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Seek immediate medical attention for DKA treatment.
Ways to manage your blood sugar
Adopting a healthy lifestyle with a nutritious diet, maintaining an ideal weight, and regular exercise is beneficial. Additional tips include:
- Monitor blood sugar levels for patterns
- Follow a consistent meal schedule
- Choose low-calorie, low-sugar, low-salt, and low-fat foods
- Keep track of food, drinks, and physical activity
- Opt for water over sugary beverages
- Limit alcohol consumption
- Use fruit as a sweet alternative
- Control portions using the plate method
How do carbohydrates (carbs) affect blood sugar?
Carbohydrates have a greater impact on blood sugar levels compared to proteins or fats. Even with diabetes, you can include carbs based on factors like age, weight, and activity level.
Counting carbs is vital for managing blood sugar levels. Discuss your carb goals with your healthcare provider for personalized advice.