High blood glucose levels are a result of diabetes.
Other types of diabetes include:
- Type 1 diabetes: This type of diabetes is an autoimmune condition where the body’s immune system attacks insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. It is typically diagnosed in children and young adults.
- Type 2 diabetes: This is the most common type of diabetes, where the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
- LADA (Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults): This type of diabetes is a slower progressing form of autoimmune diabetes that occurs in adults.
- MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young): This is a rare form of diabetes that is genetically inherited and typically diagnosed in adolescence or early adulthood.
- Cystic Fibrosis-related diabetes: Individuals with cystic fibrosis have an increased risk of developing diabetes due to pancreatic damage.
It is important to work with healthcare providers to properly diagnose and manage diabetes, regardless of the type.
Symptoms of diabetes
Common symptoms of diabetes include thirst, frequent urination, tiredness, and unexplained weight loss.
Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if:
- Seek medical help if you or your child experience diabetes symptoms.
- Monitor your blood sugar levels regularly if you have been diagnosed with diabetes.
- Make sure to attend regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to manage your diabetes effectively.
Call 111 or visit the NHS website to seek assistance.
Non-urgent advice: See a GP if you or your child:
- People at higher risk should be vigilant about diabetes development.
Regular check-ups are important as not everyone with diabetes shows symptoms.
Causes of diabetes
Diabetes is a result of insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Type 1 diabetes is related to the immune system, while type 2 and gestational diabetes have additional risk factors.
Lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, can help reduce the risk of type 2 and gestational diabetes.
Pre-diabetes (non-diabetic hyperglycaemia)
Pre-diabetes, with blood glucose levels higher than normal but not diagnostic for diabetes, can increase the risk of type 2 diabetes.
The NHS offers a Diabetes Prevention Programme for individuals with pre-diabetes.
It is important for individuals with pre-diabetes to monitor their blood glucose levels regularly and make healthy lifestyle choices to prevent the development of type 2 diabetes.
Treatment for diabetes
Treatment for diabetes varies based on the type and may involve medications, blood glucose monitoring, lifestyle changes, and insulin therapy.
It is important for individuals with diabetes to maintain a healthy diet, exercise regularly, and monitor their blood sugar levels frequently. Medications such as metformin, insulin, or other oral medications may also be prescribed to help manage blood sugar levels. In some cases, insulin therapy is necessary to control blood sugar levels effectively.
Monitoring blood sugar levels is crucial for individuals with diabetes to prevent complications such as nerve damage, kidney problems, and vision issues. Regular monitoring can help individuals make informed decisions about their treatment plan and lifestyle choices.
In addition to medications and monitoring, lifestyle changes such as maintaining a healthy weight, quitting smoking, and managing stress levels can also play a significant role in managing diabetes effectively. Working closely with healthcare providers, including doctors, dietitians, and diabetes educators, can help individuals develop a personalized treatment plan to manage their diabetes and improve their overall health.
Long-term complications of diabetes
Diabetes raises the risk of various health issues, including heart problems, kidney disease, nerve damage, eye problems, and gum disease.
Managing blood glucose levels effectively can help reduce these risks.
Diabetes results from the inability to produce or utilize insulin properly, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Complications of diabetes can affect the eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and increase the risk of certain cancers.
In addition to the mentioned complications, diabetes can also lead to problems with circulation, foot ulcers, skin conditions, and increased risk of infections.
It is important for individuals with diabetes to have regular check-ups with healthcare providers to monitor and manage these potential complications.
What are the different types of diabetes?
The most common types of diabetes include type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
Type 1 diabetes requires daily insulin therapy due to little or no insulin production.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and inadequate insulin production, with several risk factors contributing to its development.
Lifestyle changes can be effective in preventing or delaying type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy and may resolve after childbirth but increases the risk of type 2 diabetes later in life.
Prediabetes
Pre-diabetes is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and heart disease, indicating elevated blood glucose levels.
Other types of diabetes
Monogenic diabetes can result from a single gene mutation, while surgery or pancreas conditions may also lead to diabetes.
How common are diabetes and prediabetes?
In 2019, 37.3 million individuals in the US had diabetes, with type 2 diabetes being the most common type.
Additionally, 96 million adults had pre-diabetes in the same year.
What other health problems can people with diabetes develop?
Poorly managed diabetes can lead to complications such as heart disease, kidney problems, foot issues, and eye damage.
Regular monitoring and maintaining healthy levels are crucial in preventing complications.
Other health problems that people with diabetes may develop include:
- Neuropathy (nerve damage)
- Peripheral arterial disease
- Gastroparesis (delayed stomach emptying)
- Skin conditions
- Dental issues
It is important for individuals with diabetes to work closely with their healthcare team to manage their condition effectively and prevent these complications.
References
References:
[1] cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/
[2] Undiagnosed diabetes rates: cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/
[3] Methodology: cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/methods.
[4] Prevalence of pre-diabetes: cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/
Content provided by NIDDK, part of NIH, reviewed by experts.
Thanks to: Daniel Bessesen, M. D., University of Colorado; Domenico Accili, M. D., Columbia University
Reducing the long-term effects of diabetes
Prevent long-term effects of diabetes by maintaining healthy levels, weight, diet, and lifestyle.
Regular screenings can help detect problems early.
Diabetes and healthy eating
When managing diabetes, focus on a balanced and nutritious diet while avoiding sugary snacks.
Consulting a dietitian can provide guidance on food choices.
Lifestyle Changes
Limit alcohol intake and aim for gradual weight loss, focusing on healthy food choices and portion control.
Monitoring food choices and portion sizes is essential for successful weight management.
Physical Activity
Stay physically active and gradually increase the duration and intensity of exercises.
Consult with a healthcare provider for tailored exercise recommendations.
Quit Smoking
Smoking can worsen diabetes management and lead to complications, so quitting is crucial.
Monitoring Health
Regularly monitor vital parameters like blood pressure, blood glucose, cholesterol, kidney function, eyes, feet, and oral health.
Controlling these parameters is essential to manage diabetes and prevent long-term risks.
Blood Pressure and Glucose Control
Maintain blood pressure below 130/80 and monitor blood glucose levels regularly for effective diabetes management.
Cholesterol and Triglycerides
Annual checks for cholesterol and triglyceride levels can assess cardiovascular risk and prevent heart disease.
Complications of Diabetes
Diabetes can lead to cardiovascular diseases and microvascular complications affecting various organs.
Regular screenings are vital for managing these complications effectively.
Eye Health
Eye problems related to diabetes can impact vision significantly if left untreated.
Regular eye examinations are crucial for early detection and timely intervention.
Regular Eye Check-ups
Schedule professional eye checks every two years, informing the healthcare provider about diabetes for specific screenings.
Kidney Health
Diabetes increases the risk of kidney disease, requiring regular screenings for early detection.
Monitoring kidney function is essential for timely intervention and management.
It’s important to control blood sugar levels and blood pressure to help prevent kidney damage.
Eating a healthy diet, staying hydrated, and regular exercise can also help support kidney health.
If you have diabetes or other risk factors for kidney disease, it’s important to work closely with your healthcare provider to monitor and manage your kidney health.
Nerve Damage
Nerve damage can result from high blood glucose levels and other factors, affecting nerve health.
- Maintain blood glucose levels within the target range.
- Stay within recommended alcohol limits.
- Avoid smoking.
- Consult a doctor for any issues.
Feet and diabetes
Diabetes can affect foot health due to reduced blood supply and nerve damage.
- See a podiatrist annually.
- Check feet daily for issues.
- Use moisturizer and wear supportive shoes.
Skin and diabetes
Maintain healthy skin by controlling blood glucose levels and protecting skin from harsh chemicals.
- Use moisturizing cream after bathing.
- Seek medical help for skin problems
Oral health and diabetes
Prevent tooth decay and gum infections by visiting the dentist regularly and following good oral hygiene practices.
- Brush and floss daily.
- Clean dentures and gums regularly.
Mental health and diabetes
Diabetes management can lead to stress, anxiety, and depression, so seek support from healthcare professionals when needed.
Various resources are available for additional help and information.
Diabetes and infections
Boost your immune system to prevent infections by maintaining healthy blood glucose levels and practicing good hygiene.
- Get enough sleep and receive necessary vaccinations.
- Consult a doctor for infections.
- Avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption, as these can weaken the immune system.
- Eat a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins to support immune function.
- Exercise regularly to improve blood circulation and overall immune system health.
Thyroid and diabetes
Diabetes increases the risk of thyroid disease, impacting overall health and blood glucose levels.
If you suspect thyroid issues, consult your doctor for a thorough evaluation.
Sexual function and diabetes
Sexual function can be affected by nerve damage and reduced blood flow, which are common complications of diabetes. Men with diabetes are at a higher risk of experiencing erectile dysfunction (ED) due to these factors. It is important for individuals with diabetes to speak with healthcare professionals if they are experiencing any issues with sexual function.
Where to get help
Don’t forget, you have a support system when it comes to managing diabetes. Seek guidance from healthcare providers who can help.