When the body fails to respond effectively to insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, it results in insulin resistance. This condition can lead to increased blood glucose levels and weight gain, indicating prediabetes if the blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not yet at the level of type 2 diabetes.
If blood glucose levels continue to rise, it may progress to type 2 diabetes, affecting various organs such as the heart, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
Fortunately, many individuals can take preventive measures to delay or avoid prediabetes and type 2 diabetes by collaborating with their healthcare team to manage these conditions and potentially prevent other health issues.
Some ways to manage insulin resistance and prevent type 2 diabetes include regular exercise, following a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, maintaining a healthy weight, and monitoring blood glucose levels regularly.
In addition to lifestyle changes, medications such as metformin may be prescribed by healthcare professionals to help manage blood glucose levels and reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Educating oneself about the risks of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, regularly monitoring blood glucose levels, and seeking guidance from healthcare providers can empower individuals to take control of their health and prevent the progression of these conditions.
New Subtitle 1
In 2021, about 97.6 million adults in the United States aged 18 and above had prediabetes. This number has remained stable over the past 15 years in different age groups. Individuals with prediabetes are at a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes, although not everyone with prediabetes will progress to the disease.
New Subtitle 2
Factors that can heighten the chances of developing insulin resistance or prediabetes include being overweight or obese, having a family history of diabetes, belonging to certain ethnic groups, lack of physical activity, history of diabetes during pregnancy, and other medical conditions. Some medications can also contribute to these conditions.
While some risk factors cannot be altered, individuals may reduce the risk by maintaining a healthy weight, being physically active, and refraining from tobacco products.
New Subtitle 3
Some individuals with prediabetes may encounter changes in their blood vessels, potentially leading to health issues associated with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance and prediabetes may also give rise to other health complications.
New Subtitle 4
Many individuals with insulin resistance and prediabetes may not show symptoms, although some with prediabetes may exhibit signs similar to those of diabetes.
It is important for individuals with insulin resistance and prediabetes to monitor their blood sugar levels regularly to prevent the progression to type 2 diabetes. Making lifestyle changes such as eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and maintaining a healthy weight can help manage insulin resistance and prediabetes.
New Subtitle 5
Insulin resistance occurs when cells in the muscles, fat, and liver inadequately respond to insulin, causing elevated blood glucose levels. The exact causes of insulin resistance are unclear, but individuals with risk factors for type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk of developing these conditions.
New Subtitle 6
Healthcare providers typically do not screen for insulin resistance except in research environments. To diagnose prediabetes, they may inquire about medical history and conduct blood tests, ordering tests based on age, weight, and other risk factors.
Individuals with prediabetes should undergo regular screenings for type 2 diabetes to monitor their risk levels.
New Subtitle 1
Healthcare providers diagnose prediabetes through blood tests measuring glucose levels, including the A1C test and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test. These tests reveal average blood glucose levels over time and blood glucose levels at the specific time of the test.
For some individuals, additional tests for cholesterol and triglyceride levels may be recommended due to insulin resistance or prediabetes.
New Subtitle 7
To prevent or reverse insulin resistance and prediabetes, adopting a healthy lifestyle, managing weight, and possibly taking prescribed medications are vital steps.
New Subtitle 2
Healthy lifestyle practices like consuming nutritious foods, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining weight, and getting adequate sleep are essential for preventing or reversing insulin resistance and prediabetes, potentially avoiding associated health complications.
Incorporating small changes in lifestyle and seeking support from family and healthcare providers can facilitate the process.
New Subtitle 3
Managing weight can provide numerous health benefits for individuals with insulin resistance or prediabetes, potentially reducing the risk of developing diabetes. Consult healthcare professionals to determine if weight management is necessary and beneficial for you.
Studies suggest that losing 5% to 7% of body weight can decrease the likelihood of developing diabetes, particularly for high-risk individuals.
New Subtitle 4
In addition to lifestyle modifications, healthcare providers may prescribe medications like metformin to help regulate blood glucose levels and prevent type 2 diabetes. Other medications may be recommended for specific health issues related to insulin resistance and prediabetes.
New Subtitle 9
In addition to the Diabetes Prevention Program, NIDDK supports research on various aspects of insulin resistance and prediabetes, such as the role of genetics, environmental factors, and behavioral interventions in the development of these conditions.
Other ongoing studies funded by NIDDK focus on exploring new drug targets, investigating the impact of sleep disorders on insulin sensitivity, and evaluating the effectiveness of different dietary patterns in preventing insulin resistance.
New Subtitle 10
Individuals interested in participating in clinical trials related to insulin resistance and prediabetes can search for available studies on the NIDDK website or speak to their healthcare provider for recommendations.
By volunteering for a clinical trial, participants not only contribute to advancing medical research but also have the opportunity to access cutting-edge treatments and therapies before they become widely available.
It is important to carefully review the study protocols, understand the potential risks and benefits, and discuss any concerns with the research team before enrolling in a clinical trial.
New Subtitle 9
[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated November 29, 2023. Accessed February 12, 2024.
www.cdc.gov/diabetes/php/data-research/index.html
[2] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(suppl 1):S20–S42. doi:10.2337/dc24-S002
[3] Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Selvin E. Prediabetes and what it means: the epidemiological evidence. Annual Review of Public Health. 2021;42:59–77. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102644
[4] Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Long-term effects of lifestyle intervention or metformin on diabetes development and microvascular complications over 15-year follow-up: the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. The Lancet: Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2015;3(11):866–875.
[5] American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 5. Facilitating positive health behaviors and well-being to improve health outcomes: standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(suppl 1):S77–S110. doi:10.2337/dc24-er04
This information is provided by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), a division of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK shares and educates on research findings to enhance awareness about health and disease among patients, healthcare professionals, and the public. Content created by NIDDK is thoroughly reviewed by NIDDK experts and scientists.
NIDDK would like to acknowledge:
Rita Basu, M. D., University of Alabama at Birmingham
Long-acting insulin typically contains 100 units of insulin per 1ml of liquid, but some formulations are more concentrated. Toujeo (insulin glargine) has 300 units of insulin per 1ml. Tresiba (insulin degludec) comes in two strengths with 100 or 200 units of insulin per 1ml. Ensure you are aware of the insulin strength you are using.
You will generally administer a dose of long-acting insulin once or twice daily. If once daily, aim for consistency in timing each day. For twice-daily dosing, space the doses 12 hours apart and maintain the same schedule daily.
Your healthcare provider will determine your required insulin units.
The necessary dose of long-acting insulin is influenced by:
- Your body weight
- Your diabetes type
- Your level of physical activity
- Other diabetes medications you are taking
New Subtitle 10
You may need to adjust your dose:
- When you are unwell
- In periods of stress
- In hot or cold weather
- During physical activity
- Changes in medication regimen
- Menopausal period
- Pregnancy
- During periods of growth in children and young adults
- During fasting, such as during Ramadan
- Changes in daily routine, such as shift work
- Be aware of the name and strength of your insulin and double-check each time
- Know your regular dose and adjustment procedures
- If using two types of insulin, double-check the type and dose for each injection – consider keeping pens separate to avoid mix-ups
- Get advice on injection techniques from your diabetes nurse
- If hospitalized, ensure the staff knows your insulin regimen
- Store your insulin properly in a cool place, away from direct heat and sunlight
- Check the expiration date of your insulin and do not use it if it has expired
- Keep track of your blood sugar levels regularly to ensure you are taking the correct dose of insulin
It is advisable to keep a record of the amount of insulin units injected whenever possible.
Testing your blood glucose
Regular blood glucose testing will help you and your diabetes care team evaluate the appropriateness of your insulin dosage. Your doctor or diabetes nurse will provide instructions on this.
It is important to keep track of your injection sites and rotate them regularly to prevent lipohypertrophy. Make sure to clean your injection site with an alcohol swab before injecting insulin to reduce the risk of infection.
If you are using a pre-filled pen, make sure to store it at the recommended temperature and keep it away from direct sunlight. Do not use insulin that looks cloudy or discolored, as it may have gone bad.
If you experience any pain, swelling, or redness at the injection site, contact your healthcare provider. They can help you troubleshoot any issues and ensure you are administering your insulin correctly.
Remember to always carry a backup supply of insulin and supplies with you in case of emergencies. It is also a good idea to have a medical alert card or bracelet to notify others that you have diabetes and require insulin.
By following these tips and guidelines, you can effectively manage your diabetes and ensure that your insulin injections are safe and effective.
Taking insulin safely
Accurate insulin dosing is essential. To avoid errors:
If you have a problem with your insulin pen
Although reliable, insulin pens may sometimes malfunction, affecting blood glucose control. Contact your healthcare provider if you suspect any issues with the delivery of your pen dosage.
It is important to note that insulin is not a cure for diabetes, but rather a necessary treatment to help manage blood glucose levels. Monitoring blood glucose levels regularly and adjusting insulin doses as needed is essential for proper diabetes management.
It is recommended to work closely with your healthcare team to develop a personalized insulin regimen that suits your individual needs and lifestyle. This may involve learning how to properly administer insulin injections, understanding how different types of insulin work, and recognizing signs of low blood sugar.
In addition to insulin therapy, maintaining a healthy lifestyle through regular exercise, a balanced diet, and proper weight management can also help improve blood glucose control and reduce the need for higher insulin doses.
Remember, managing diabetes is a lifelong commitment, but with proper care and support, you can lead a happy and healthy life despite the challenges it may present.
If you forget to take it
Inadequate insulin intake increases the risk of high blood sugar levels and long-term complications of diabetes. If you forget your long-acting insulin dose but remember within 2 hours, it is generally safe to take it as soon as you remember. If you remember after more than 2 hours, contact your diabetes team. Look out for signs of high or low blood sugar levels and contact your healthcare provider if necessary.
Avoid taking a double dose of insulin. Set reminders to help you remember your insulin doses. Taking too much long-acting insulin can cause low blood sugar. Symptoms of low blood sugar include sweating, shaking, anxiety, confusion, rapid heartbeat, tingling lips, changes in vision, dizziness, hunger, and pale skin. Monitor for symptoms of nighttime hypoglycemia.
If you experience symptoms of low blood sugar, follow the provided instructions for treatment, carry high-sugar snacks with you, and avoid driving if you have taken too much insulin. Always have someone with you if needed. Make sure your loved ones know how to assist in case of severe low blood sugar and when to seek emergency medical help.
Learn more about potential side effects of long-acting insulin, including severe low blood sugar episodes.