Diabetes is a chronic condition that affects how your body processes blood sugar (glucose). The main types of diabetes are type 1 and type 2. Both types have similar symptoms, including:
- Increased thirst
- Frequent urination
- Extreme fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
- Blurry vision
- Slow-healing sores
- Frequent infections
Type 2 diabetes is more common than type 1 diabetes and is often diagnosed in adulthood. In addition to the general symptoms of diabetes, type 2 diabetes can also present with the following signs:
- Increased hunger
- Darkened areas of skin, particularly around the neck and armpits (acanthosis nigricans)
- Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet
- Recurring yeast infections
- Erectile dysfunction in men
If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
What are the first warning signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes?
Some individuals may have type 2 diabetes without displaying any symptoms, making it difficult to detect. Common symptoms include:
- Frequent urination, especially at night.
- Intense thirst.
- Higher than usual fatigue levels.
- Unexplained weight loss and thinning.
- Genital itching or thrush.
- Slow healing of wounds and cuts.
- Blurred vision.
Can type 2 diabetes be cured?
Type 2 diabetes cannot be cured, but some individuals may achieve remission by losing weight. This entails the normalization of blood sugar levels without the need for medication. It’s important to note that the condition can recur if weight is regained.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms in adults
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes vary from person to person, with increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and weight loss being the most common. Detection of type 2 diabetes can be more challenging compared to type 1 diabetes.
For more information on these symptoms and their causes, watch a video.
Type 2 diabetes symptoms in children or young people (under 18s)
Children with type 2 diabetes may experience similar symptoms to adults, such as increased thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow healing of wounds. However, it is important to note that type 2 diabetes is less common in children than type 1 diabetes.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children include having a family history of the disease, being overweight or obese, and belonging to certain ethnic groups such as African American, Hispanic/Latino, Native American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander.
What should I do if I believe I have type 2 diabetes?
If you suspect symptoms of type 2 diabetes, consult your general practitioner for a blood test. Early identification is crucial in preventing complications.
Undiagnosed type 2 diabetes can lead to serious health issues, underscoring the importance of symptom monitoring.
What does undiagnosed type 2 diabetes feel like?
“I was hoping that the situation would improve on its own with time.”
If you or someone you know exhibits symptoms of diabetes, contact a medical professional for a diagnosis. Early recognition and treatment are essential for managing the condition.
Diabetes symptoms
- Frequent urination, especially at night.
- Intense thirst.
- Fatigue.
- Unexplained weight loss.
- Genital itching or thrush.
- Slow healing of wounds.
- Blurred vision.
- Increased hunger.
These symptoms can manifest in both adults and children, with some being more prevalent in cases of type 1 diabetes.
Learn more about the symptoms of type 1 diabetes, known as the 4Ts.
What are the most common symptoms of diabetes?
Other diabetes symptoms may vary, although common ones include intense thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, and weight loss.
Watch a video to understand these symptoms and their causes.
You’re showing diabetes symptoms: what next?
If you experience sudden and severe symptoms of diabetes, seek immediate medical attention. It is imperative to undergo diabetes testing upon noticing any symptoms.
What does undiagnosed diabetes feel like?
“I remember feeling extremely tired and drowsy, but I didn’t pay much attention to it. The diagnosis made me reflect on my mother’s health concerns as well.” Read Sarita’s story.
Experiencing diabetes symptoms
“In my first year of medical school, I began losing a significant amount of weight and feeling excessively thirsty.” Read George’s story.
What causes symptoms of diabetes?
Symptoms of diabetes are a result of elevated blood glucose levels, which can lead to related health problems.
High glucose levels can cause conditions like thrush, affecting about 6 out of 10 individuals with type 2 diabetes.
When to speak to a doctor
If you or your child shows symptoms of diabetes or is at risk of developing the condition, contact your general practitioner. Encourage others to seek professional help if necessary.
Diabetes risk factors
Certain individuals have a heightened risk of diabetes due to factors such as ethnicity, genetics, or lifestyle choices. Awareness of these risk factors can guide preventive actions.
Know Your Risk
Evaluate your risk of type 2 diabetes with the Know Your Risk tool, which only takes two minutes. Individuals at high risk should undergo a blood test for confirmation.
If you ignore the signs of diabetes
Timely detection and treatment of diabetes can mitigate severe complications and health concerns.
Diabetes elevates blood glucose levels, with insulin playing a role in regulating this process. Type 2 diabetes arises from inadequate insulin production or resistance of cells to insulin.
Type 2 diabetes predominantly affects older individuals and is often associated with obesity. Gestational diabetes in pregnant women typically resolves post-delivery.
Symptoms of diabetes
Untreated diabetes can lead to symptoms like extreme thirst, frequent urination, fatigue, weight loss, slow wound healing, thrush, and blurred vision.
Early diagnosis is crucial for the effective management and control of diabetes.
Causes of type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body does not generate sufficient insulin or cells do not respond appropriately. It is linked to obesity and is becoming increasingly prevalent across various age groups.
Treating type 2 diabetes
Treatment for type 2 diabetes involves dietary changes, possibly alongside medications like tablets or insulin. Weight loss in the early stages may reverse the condition.
Complications of type 2 diabetes
Diabetes can result in vision impairment, kidney failure, and amputation. Regular screening for diabetic retinopathy is recommended annually.
Preventing type 2 diabetes
Lifestyle modifications, including weight loss, a balanced diet, moderate alcohol consumption, and regular physical activity, can prevent type 2 diabetes.
Living with type 2 diabetes
Managing type 2 diabetes through lifestyle adjustments can reduce the risk of complications.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes
Diabetes symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and persistent fatigue. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to various complications.
Hyperglycaemia
Type 2 diabetes stems from insufficient insulin production or inadequate cell responses, resulting in high blood sugar levels known as hyperglycemia.
Causes of type 2 diabetes
In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, or the body develops resistance to insulin. Insulin aids in transporting glucose into cells for energy.
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes
Main risk factors for type 2 diabetes include age, genetics, weight, and ethnicity. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can aid in prevention or management of diabetes.
Genetics
Genetics significantly influence the risk of type 2 diabetes, especially if immediate family members have the condition.
Being overweight or obese
Obesity, particularly around the abdominal area, heightens the risk of type 2 diabetes. Maintaining a healthy weight and engaging in physical exercise can mitigate this risk.
Ethnicity
Individuals of specific ethnic backgrounds have an increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.
Other risks
Elevated blood glucose levels, termed pre-diabetes, can progress to type 2 diabetes if left unaddressed. Lifestyle adjustments like diet and exercise are essential in this context.
Treating type 2 diabetes
Medicines for type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is progressive and may necessitate long-term medication to control blood glucose levels.
Metformin
Metformin typically serves as the first-line treatment for type 2 diabetes. It aids in reducing glucose production in the liver and enhancing insulin sensitivity.
SGLT2 inhibitors
SGLT2 inhibitors enhance glucose excretion and are beneficial for individuals with type 2 diabetes and heart conditions.
GLP-1 agonists
GLP-1 agonists mimic the natural hormone GLP-1 to effectively manage type 2 diabetes.
Injection medications boost insulin production to lower high blood glucose levels without the risk of hypoglycemia. They are particularly advantageous for individuals with type 2 diabetes and cardiac issues.
Sulphonylureas
Sulphonylureas boost insulin production by the pancreas.
- glibenclamide
- gliclazide
- glimepiride
- glipizide
- gliquidone
Your physician may prescribe one of these if metformin is not suitable or in combination with metformin.
These medications may lead to hypoglycemia and side effects such as weight gain, nausea, and diarrhea.
Pioglitazone
Pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione, increases insulin sensitivity to eliminate glucose from the blood.
It is used alongside other oral diabetes medications but may result in weight gain and ankle swelling.
Not recommended for patients with heart failure or a high risk of bone fractures.
Gliptins (DPP-4 inhibitors)
Gliptins inhibit the breakdown of GLP-1, assisting in insulin production without causing hypoglycemia.
Prescribed as an alternative or in combination with other medications for obese individuals.
Insulin treatment
If oral medications prove ineffective, insulin therapy may be necessary.
Various forms of insulin can be used, potentially in combination.
Insulin injections
Insulin must be administered via injections as stomach digestion can hinder its efficacy.
Your diabetes care team will provide guidance on injection techniques and storage.
Typically, it is administered two to four times per day.
Treatment for low blood glucose (hypoglycaemia)
Certain diabetes treatments may lead to hypoglycemia in individuals.
Mild episodes can be managed with fast-acting carbohydrates followed by longer-lasting options.
Severe cases require professional intervention, such as glucagon or dextrose injections.
Other treatments
Diabetes heightens the risk of heart disease and other conditions.
Additional medications like antihypertensives, statins, and ACE inhibitors may be prescribed.
Early treatment could reverse diabetic kidney disease.
Monitoring blood glucose levels
Regular blood glucose readings are crucial every two to six months for diabetes management assessment.
The HbA1c test gauges glucose levels over the preceding months, aiding in treatment adjustments as necessary.
Target HbA1c levels should be below 53 mmol/mol (7%).
Monitoring your own blood glucose
Regular at-home blood glucose monitoring is recommended due to various factors influencing glucose levels.
To monitor your blood glucose levels and manage hyperglycaemia or hypoglycaemia, utilize a blood glucose meter and follow the guidance of your healthcare team.
While meters are not provided free of charge, it’s possible for the NHS to cover the cost of monitoring strips in certain situations.
Complications of type 2 diabetes
If left untreated, diabetes can result in serious health complications by causing damage to blood vessels, nerves, and internal organs.
Heart disease and stroke
Individuals with diabetes are at a heightened risk of heart disease and stroke due to elevated glucose levels contributing to atherosclerosis.
This can lead to issues such as poor circulation, angina, claudication, heart attack, and stroke.
Nerve damage
Elevated glucose levels have the potential to harm nerve blood vessels, resulting in pain, numbness, or ulcers in the extremities.
The damage to nerves in the peripheral nervous system, encompassing all parts outside the central nervous system, is known as peripheral neuropathy.
If the nerves in the digestive system are affected, symptoms like nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or constipation may arise.
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy occurs when damage affects the retina, the light-sensitive tissue layer at the rear of the eye.
Complications such as blocked or leaking blood vessels in the retina, or abnormal growth, can impede light passage to the retina and potentially harm your vision.
Regular eye examinations are typically arranged by a regional photographic unit. In case of significant damage, referral may be made to an ophthalmologist specializing in eye conditions like cataracts and glaucoma.
Maintaining control over blood glucose levels helps lower the risk of developing severe eye issues.
Treatment for diabetic retinopathy becomes necessary only when screening detects major problems that could jeopardize your vision.
If the condition hasn’t progressed to this stage, it’s advisable to focus on managing your diabetes, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels.
Main treatments for advanced diabetic retinopathy include laser procedures, eye injections, and surgery to eliminate blood or scar tissue from the eyes.
Kidney disease
If small blood vessels in your kidneys become blocked and leaky, kidney function may diminish, often correlated with high blood pressure.
In severe instances, kidney disease can advance to kidney failure, necessitating replacement, dialysis, or transplantation.
Foot problems
Nerve damage in the feet can lead to unnoticed cuts and abrasions, potentially progressing to foot ulcers, especially in combination with poor circulation.
About 1 in 10 individuals with diabetes develop foot ulcers, which can lead to severe infections.
People with diabetes should be vigilant for sores, slow-healing cuts, swelling, warm skin, and should undergo yearly foot examinations.
Upon detecting poor circulation or nerve impairment, daily foot inspections are important, with any changes requiring reporting to a healthcare professional.
Sexual dysfunction
In men with diabetes, particularly smokers, issues affecting nerves and blood vessels can lead to erectile dysfunction, often responsive to medication.
Women with diabetes may encounter challenges like lack of vaginal lubrication or painful intercourse, which can be managed with lubricants or water-based gels.
Miscarriage and stillbirth
Pregnant women with diabetes face an increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.
Inadequately controlled blood glucose levels early in pregnancy heighten the risk of birth defects in the baby.
Pregnant women with diabetes typically attend antenatal check-ups at a hospital or diabetic clinic, ideally with an obstetrician overseeing their care.
For further information on diabetes complications, visit the Diabetes UK website.
Looking after your eyes
The NHS organizes annual eye screenings for individuals on the diabetes register through the diabetic eye screening programme.
Those on the register are offered a digital eye image; contact your GP to enroll.
Living with type 2 diabetes
Look after your feet
For individuals with diabetes, the risk of foot problems such as ulcers and infections from minor injuries is heightened.
Diabetes can impact foot circulation and lead to nerve issues, emphasizing the importance of regular foot care.
To prevent foot problems, maintain short nails, wash feet daily with warm water, wear well-fitting shoes, and have regular foot check-ups for early issue detection.
Regularly inspect feet for cuts, blisters, or grazes, as nerve damage could prevent you from feeling these; consult your GP for any injuries not healing within a few days.
Regular eye tests
People with type 2 diabetes should undergo annual eye screenings to detect diabetic retinopathy.
Diabetic retinopathy develops due to damage to small blood vessels in the eye and could lead to vision loss if left untreated.
Opticians should be visited every two years for routine eye tests, as diabetic eye screenings focus specifically on retinopathy and not other eye conditions.
Pregnancy
If pregnancy is being considered by individuals with diabetes, discussions should be held with their diabetes care team.
Prior to pregnancy, adjustments to oral diabetes medications may be necessary to ensure well-managed blood glucose levels pre-conception.
Maintaining tight control over blood glucose levels before and during early pregnancy is crucial to reduce the risk of birth defects.
Medical guidance should be sought to evaluate medications, increase folic acid intake, and address any eye issues before pregnancy.
Diabetes education
Upon diabetes diagnosis and at regular intervals thereafter, access information and education to effectively manage the condition.
NICE recommends structured patient education programs covering all facets of diabetes, tailored to individual requirements.
Structured patient education
Structured diabetes education should be well-planned, adaptable to clinical and psychological needs, and considerate of educational and cultural backgrounds.
Programs for type 2 diabetes education are available; consult your diabetes care team for information on local adult education programs.
Talk to others
Participating in a diabetes support group can offer valuable support and insights from individuals facing similar challenges.
Local diabetes support groups can be found through patient organizations such as Diabetes UK.
Financial support and benefits
Some people with diabetes may qualify for disability benefits due to the condition’s impact on their lives.
Groups potentially eligible include children, the elderly, individuals with learning disabilities, mental health issues, or diabetes-related complications.
Citizens Advice Scotland can help assess benefit entitlement, while diabetes specialists and Citizens Advice can assist with form completion.
Driving with diabetes
Despite certain restrictions for drivers with diabetes, many can continue driving with a restricted license, typically requiring renewal every 3 years.
Inform insurers about diabetes, and notify the DVLA only if insulin is being used, following detailed guidelines provided by the DVLA.
Severe hypoglycemic episodes could result in losing driving lessons.
If a hypoglycemic episode occurs while driving:
- Safely pull over
- Turn off the car engine
- Consume fast-acting carbohydrates, like glucose tablets or sweets, and some slower-acting carbs like plain biscuits or crackers
- Avoid driving until 45 minutes after blood sugar levels have returned to 5mmol/l or higher
Diabetes sick day rules
If insulin is required for managing diabetes, individuals should be knowledgeable about their “sick day rules” for self-care during illness.
If these instructions have not been received, consult your diabetes care team or GP.
Personalized sick day rules are designed for each individual, but common measures may involve:
- Consistent insulin administration and adherence to any temporary dosage adjustments
- Regular monitoring of blood glucose levels, typically at least four times daily
- Staying hydrated with sugar-free beverages
- Ensuring intake of solid foods whenever possible, or opting for liquid carbs like milk, soup, and yogurt
- Checking ketone levels in case blood glucose is elevated
If blood glucose or ketone levels remain high post-insulin, seek advice if:
- You’re unsure about modifying your treatment
- You experience symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis
- You have other concerns
Telecare Self-Check online tool
Utilize the Telecare Self-Check tool online to explore available support services in your area. This user-friendly tool offers information on telecare services to help maintain independence at home.