“The majority of the food we consume gets transformed into sugar, or glucose, which our bodies utilize for energy,” stated Dr. Samina Yousuf, a pediatrician at OSF HealthCare. “When the sugar enters the bloodstream, the pancreas produces insulin, which functions as a key to enable the body’s cells to utilize that glucose effectively.”
Recognizing Diabetes Symptoms
“However, if an individual has Type 1 diabetes, their body ceases to produce insulin. With Type 2 diabetes, the body develops a resistance to insulin and does not respond to it as expected. Untreated diabetes can result in various health issues, including heart disease, kidney disease, vision problems, nerve damage, and potentially fatal outcomes.”
Common symptoms of type 1 diabetes include frequent urination, extreme thirst, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, and blurred vision. If you or a loved one experience these symptoms, it’s important to consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Diagnosing type 1 diabetes typically involves blood tests to measure blood sugar levels and determine the presence of antibodies that attack insulin-producing cells. Early detection and management of diabetes are crucial to prevent complications and maintain good health.
Who does it impact?
Type 1 diabetes commonly manifests in children and young adults and is typically believed to be triggered when the immune system mistakenly attacks the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. On the other hand, Type 2 diabetes usually emerges in adults over 40 years old or those who are overweight, but it is increasingly affecting children due to rising obesity rates.
While children diagnosed with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes are typically around 13-14 years old, Type 1 diagnosis may occur at an earlier age.
What are the symptoms?
“Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes exhibit similar symptoms, but they differ in terms of how rapidly these symptoms appear,” Dr. Yousuf explained. “In children, Type 1 symptoms tend to manifest suddenly, within a few hours or days. Conversely, Type 2 symptoms usually develop gradually over several years.”
Key symptoms to be alert for:
Observing signs in your child?
- Severe fatigue
- Constant hunger despite eating
- Excessive thirst
- Frequent urination (including bedwetting for children already potty-trained)
- Unintended weight loss
- Breath with a fruity smell
- Irritability or changes in behavior
- Blurred vision
- Slow healing cuts or bruises
- Very dry skin
- Tingling, pain, or numbness in hands or feet
- Abdominal pain
- Nausea
Actions for parents to take
“If you notice any of these symptoms in your child, it is crucial to immediately contact their pediatrician and arrange for a prompt blood glucose level check,” advised Dr. Yousuf. “A simple blood test will help determine if diabetes is the underlying cause.”
If diabetes is confirmed, it is essential to adhere to the doctor’s guidelines for monitoring the child’s blood sugar levels, taking prescribed medications, following a healthy diet, and engaging in adequate exercise.
Though Type 1 diabetes lacks a cure, Type 2 diabetes, which accounts for the majority of cases, can sometimes be reversed through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Learn more:
About the author Luke Legner
Luke Legner serves as a writing coordinator at OSF HealthCare, having joined the Ministry in April 2021 following extensive experience in corporate communications within the heavy equipment industry. A native of Pontiac, Luke obtained his bachelor’s degree in mass communication from Illinois State University in 2002.
Residing in Bloomington with his wife, Ashley, Luke is a father of one son and two daughters. When not engaged in home improvement projects, he can usually be found cheering on his beloved Chicago Cubs or enjoying The Andy Griffith Show.
Symptoms progress rapidly, typically over a few days or weeks.
If left untreated, it can lead to a severe condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis.
Type 1 diabetes commonly starts in children and young adults, although it can occur at any age.
The likelihood of developing it is higher if there are other immune system issues (autoimmune conditions), or if type 1 diabetes or other autoimmune conditions run in the family.
The symptoms resemble those of type 2 diabetes, but type 2 diabetes usually advances more slowly and is more prevalent among older individuals.
Urgent advice: Ask for an urgent GP appointment or get help from NHS 111 if:
- If you suspect you or your child has type 1 diabetes
- You notice symptoms such as excessive thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or blurred vision
- Untreated type 1 diabetes can lead to serious complications, so prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial
- Your GP or NHS 111 can provide guidance on next steps and help you access the necessary medical care
Immediate action required: Call 999 or go to A&E if:
You or your child have been experiencing increased urination, extreme thirst and fatigue, and:
- Your symptoms are worsening rapidly
- You are experiencing stomach pain, diarrhea, or nausea, or feeling dizzy
- You feel drowsy or disoriented
- You are breathing rapidly and deeply
These could indicate diabetic ketoacidosis, a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Do not drive to the emergency department. Ask someone to transport you or dial 999 for an ambulance.
Remember to bring any medications you are taking.
If you have diabetes, make sure to monitor your blood sugar levels regularly and follow your healthcare provider’s recommendations for managing your condition. It’s important to stay informed and take good care of your health.
In addition to blood tests, diagnosing type 1 diabetes may also involve testing for antibodies that attack insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. These tests can help confirm the diagnosis and distinguish type 1 diabetes from other types of diabetes.
It is important to note that the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes requires careful evaluation by medical professionals, as the condition requires lifelong management and treatment to prevent complications.
If you’re told you have type 1 diabetes
Being diagnosed with type 1 diabetes can be overwhelming for you or your child. It is common to feel anxious about the impact it may have.
A team of specialists will support you in receiving appropriate treatment and guidance. Feel free to ask any questions you may have.
A diabetes nurse from a hospital or clinic will educate you on the necessary steps to manage the condition.
Get support
Diabetes UK operates a free helpline from 9 am to 6 pm, Monday to Friday.
Their trained advisors offer assistance to individuals with diabetes, as well as their families and friends.
Diabetes leads to elevated levels of glucose (sugar) in the blood, posing a potential life-threatening risk if left undiagnosed or poorly managed.
Normally, glucose levels are regulated by the hormone insulin produced by the pancreas. Diabetes emerges when the pancreas malfunctions or the body does not respond well to insulin.
There are various types of diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes
The prevalent form of diabetes in children, known as type 1 diabetes or juvenile diabetes, is a lifelong condition.
Type 1 diabetes is typically an auto-immune disease, characterized by the immune system attacking the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas.
Type 2 diabetes
Type 2 diabetes arises when the body becomes resistant to insulin. While becoming more common among younger adults, type 2 diabetes is rare in young children.
What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children under 5?
It can be challenging to recognize diabetes symptoms in young children. Symptoms often manifest rapidly and may include:
- Excessive unexplained thirst (child drinks significantly more than usual)
- Unexplained intense hunger, possible bedwetting for toilet-trained children, weakness, and moodiness
- Unexpected weight loss
- Presence of yeast infection (thrush) in the mouth or diaper area
- Rapid breathing
- Breath smelling like nail polish remover, vomiting, or drowsiness
- Diet
- Physical activity levels
- Excessive urination
- Intense thirst
- Hunger
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Blurred vision
- Fruity breath
- Uncontrolled vomiting
- Rapid breathing
- Sleepiness
- Irritation
- A urine test to detect glucose.
- A blood sugar test to measure blood glucose levels.
- An HgA1c test to assess long-term blood sugar control.
- A blood gas test to evaluate acid levels.
- A metabolic panel to assess kidney and liver function.
- Excessive urination
- Intense thirst
- Hunger
- Fatigue
- Irritability
- Blurred vision
- Fruity breath
- Frequent urination
- Intense thirst
- Fatigue
- Sudden weight loss
- Yeast infections
- Slow wound healing
- Blurred vision
- Dry eyes
If your child displays these symptoms, seek urgent medical attention from a doctor.
If your child experiences very high blood glucose levels, they might develop diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a severe condition. DKA symptoms may include:
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) requires immediate medical intervention. If DKA is suspected in your child, call emergency services.
In addition to genetics, lifestyle factors play a significant role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Poor diet choices, such as consuming high amounts of sugary drinks and processed foods, can contribute to insulin resistance and lead to the onset of diabetes. Lack of physical activity is another major risk factor, as exercise helps the body regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity.
Other factors that can increase the risk of developing diabetes include age, ethnicity, and certain medical conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol. It is important to maintain a healthy weight, eat a balanced diet, and stay active to reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
How is type 1 diabetes diagnosed?
Your doctor will inquire about the symptoms your child is experiencing and conduct a physical examination.
A blood test can confirm the presence of diabetes, with the possibility of a urine test as well.
An initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in a child is considered a medical emergency. If your doctor suspects diabetes, they will refer you to the local hospital emergency department.
FIND A HEALTH SERVICE — The Service Finder can assist in locating doctors, pharmacies, hospitals, and other healthcare services.
How is type 1 diabetes treated in young children?
Insulin treatment
Your child will require insulin treatment multiple times a day to maintain stable blood sugar levels. Insulin can be administered through injections, an insulin pen, or an insulin pump – a small device worn continuously that delivers insulin through a tiny tube inserted under the skin. Insulin pumps may not be suitable for all children, so consult your doctor.
Your child may be eligible for a government subsidy to acquire an insulin pump. Learn more about the insulin pump program.
The diabetes management team will educate you on calculating the required insulin doses for your child.
Your child’s insulin requirements may vary daily based on factors such as:
Symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes
Typical symptoms of type 1 diabetes in young individuals include:
It’s crucial to note that type 1 diabetes can also impact adults.
If left untreated, type 1 diabetes can progress to a serious condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). DKA occurs when the body lacks adequate insulin to process glucose for energy and begins using fat instead. This leads to ketone production, which can build up in the blood and cause a dangerous imbalance. Detecting type 1 diabetes early and starting treatment promptly can prevent DKA.
Diagnosing Type 1 diabetes
To diagnose type 1 diabetes and monitor its development, healthcare providers use various tests. These may involve:
In many instances, individuals with type 1 diabetes are initially admitted to the hospital. They receive care from a multidisciplinary team, which includes diabetes educators offering personalized advice on diabetes management. Patients or their caregivers learn how to administer insulin, calculate carbohydrates, and adjust medications accordingly.
To help regulate normal blood sugar levels, individuals may utilize a continuous glucose monitor and insulin pump. Since type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition, these individuals must manage their diabetes for life.
Finding support
Receiving a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes can be isolating, but establishing a supportive connection with others facing similar challenges can be advantageous. Nonprofit organizations and camps for children and young individuals with type 1 diabetes can provide valuable support and a sense of community.
With proper management, support, and routine medical check-ups, individuals with type 1 diabetes can enjoy fulfilling lives and pursue their aspirations. “People with diabetes lead good, normal lives and are very successful. It requires effort and there are obstacles, but life remains fulfilling,” explains Dr. Lane.
Diabetes is a persistent condition that impedes the body’s ability to process glucose, leading to elevated sugar levels. Currently, it stands as one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the USA. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), around 210,000 children and teenagers under 20 in the U.S. are affected by pediatric diabetes.
Diabetes in children heightens the risk of future health complications, emphasizing the need and urgency of early detection and treatment for diabetes. Uncontrolled diabetes can result in high blood sugar, with long-term consequences like kidney disease, eye issues, impaired blood circulation in extremities, heart disease, and stroke.
Managing high blood sugar in the early stages can lead to long-term advantages that could enhance the progression of the disease. Nonetheless, a study found that individuals might avoid taking their medications due to delayed outcomes, with some waiting up to a decade. Early detection could promote the development of healthy habits sooner, especially in children where it is simpler and more effective.
Diabetes Types
Unfortunately, once your child receives a diabetes diagnosis, it becomes a lifelong condition.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 1 diabetes, often termed juvenile diabetes, is characterized by an insufficient production of insulin in the pancreas. Inadequate insulin hinders sugar from entering the body’s cells, causing high blood sugar levels.
Unlike type 2 diabetes, it commonly affects younger individuals. Despite this, the occurrence of both types among youths is rising. In 2014-2015, 18,291 children were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, while 5,758 were diagnosed with type 2.
Type 1 diabetes can manifest at any age, but the average age of diagnosis is 13. Treatment involves maintaining a balanced diet, regular physical activity, and lifelong insulin therapy.
Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes is mainly linked to insulin resistance, which hampers the body’s ability to utilize insulin and raises blood glucose levels. While onset is delayed in children and often increases with age, it is still plausible for children to develop the condition.
75% of children with type 2 diabetes either inherit it from a family member or adopt it by mimicking their lifestyle. Obesity poses a significant risk for type 2 diabetes, so modifying a child’s or family’s diet, increasing physical activity, and maintaining a healthy weight are effective management techniques. Some children may necessitate medication.
Diabetes Symptoms
Symptoms of diabetes can resemble across all age groups, from children to adults. Symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children may emerge within weeks, while those of type 2 diabetes might progress more gradually over months or even years.
H3_13
The main indications of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents are:
Symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes
“>
Primary signs of type 2 diabetes comprise:
Studies show that only 14% of parents identify the core symptoms of type 1 diabetes in children. Unfortunately, many children do not receive a proper diagnosis for pediatric diabetes until their symptoms have progressed. If you suspect your child has diabetes, promptly schedule an appointment with a pediatrician at Newport Children. Avoid delaying until it’s too late.