The statistics concerning diabetes in Singapore are quite alarming. One out of every three individuals is at risk of developing diabetes at some point in their lives. If no changes are made, it is projected that by 2050, over a million Singaporeans could be affected by this condition.
Diabetes is a health issue that arises when the body struggles to efficiently convert sugar from food into energy. During the digestion process, carbohydrates and sugars are transformed into glucose, which is then transported by blood vessels to cells for conversion into energy.
The hormone insulin plays a crucial role in the processing of glucose. Without an adequate amount of insulin or in cases of insulin resistance, the body is unable to extract glucose from the bloodstream, resulting in high blood sugar levels and various symptoms.
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Two types of diabetes
There are typically two types of diabetes, type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes usually manifests early in life and can be influenced by genetic factors and environmental triggers such as viral infections.
On the other hand, type 2 diabetes, which is more common in individuals over 40, often stems from poor dietary choices and lifestyle habits. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes develop gradually, leading to a silent progression that can cause long-term complications.
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Common symptoms of diabetes
Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes share common symptoms like frequent urination, excessive thirst, and increased hunger. The kidneys have to work harder to filter glucose, resulting in dehydration and thirst. High levels of sugar in the urine can create a sweet-smelling appearance.
The increased hunger experienced by individuals with diabetes is a result of poor conversion of food into energy, leading to a cycle of heightened food consumption and blood sugar levels.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes
Individuals with type 1 diabetes might experience sudden weight loss, muscle, and fat breakdown due to energy deficiency. The production of ketones during this process can lead to severe conditions like diabetic ketoacidosis.
In children, bedwetting issues may arise, while girls may be susceptible to developing yeast infections.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes
Patients with type 2 diabetes may develop yeast infections due to elevated glucose levels, resulting in delayed wound healing, nerve damage, and potential pain or numbness in the hands and feet.
An early diagnosis of diabetes is essential to prevent complications affecting the heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys.
READ ALSO: Managing Chronic Wounds
For further details on St Luke’s Hospital Community Clinic – Diabetics Care Services, click here.
Diabetes can affect various body parts, including the skin.
Skin alterations may indicate undiagnosed diabetes or the need for adjusted treatment.
If you notice any concerning changes on your skin, consult with a medical professional.
1. Shin spots
Diabetic dermopathy is a common occurrence among individuals with diabetes, often presenting as brown spots on the shins. These spots may initially feel scaly but eventually flatten out.
In instances of skin changes, it is advisable to undergo diabetes testing.
Take action
Inform your doctor about any skin spots.
Collaborate with your doctor for better diabetes management.
2. Darker area of skin that feels like velvet
Acanthosis nigricans, characterized by velvety skin patches, could indicate pre-diabetes. It is recommended to get tested for diabetes if such patches develop.
Take action
Undergo diabetes testing.
3. Hard, thickening skin
Scleredema diabeticorum results in hard, thick, swollen skin in patients with diabetes. In case of such skin changes, informing your doctor and striving for better diabetes control is advised.
Take action
Discuss skin changes with your doctor.
Work towards improved diabetes management.
4. Open sores and wounds
Prolonged high blood sugar levels can lead to poor circulation and nerve damage, resulting in diabetic ulcers – slow-healing wounds commonly found on the feet.
If you have diabetes, check your feet daily for any skin issues.
Take action
Seek immediate medical attention for open wounds.
Work with your doctor for proper diabetes control.
5. Outbreak of small bumps
Eruptive xanthomatosis, a skin condition caused by extremely high triglyceride levels due to uncontrolled diabetes, can lead to sudden bumps on the skin. It is essential to undergo diabetes testing if such bumps appear.
Take action
Get diabetes testing if you experience skin changes.
Once bumps appear, they tend to develop a yellowish color in lighter skin tones or a grayish color with a yellowish hue in darker skin tones, often seen on the buttocks, thighs, elbows, or knees. These bumps are usually tender and itchy. When diabetes is well-controlled, the bumps typically disappear.
Take action
Inform your doctor about the bumps, as they can be a result of uncontrolled diabetes. Discuss with your doctor how to better manage your diabetes.
6. Yellowish, smooth bumps or patch(es) on and around your eyelids
High levels of fat in the blood can lead to the development of bumps and patches, potentially a sign of poorly controlled diabetes, known as xanthelasma. These bumps and patches usually have a yellowish or yellowish-orange color and are commonly found on or around both eyelids, feeling soft or somewhat hard.
Xanthelasma
Yellowish bumps and patches may indicate type 2 diabetes.
Take action
If you notice yellowish bumps or patches around your eyes, contact your doctor. Discuss the control of diabetes if diagnosed with this condition.
7. Infections
Diabetes weakens the immune system, increasing the susceptibility to infections in the mouth or vagina such as oral thrush or yeast infections.
Experiencing multiple yeast infections each year?
Consult your doctor if you suspect diabetes or pre-diabetes.
Take action
Seek immediate treatment for infections. Inform your doctor about frequent yeast infections, as they could indicate undiagnosed diabetes. Improved diabetes control may be necessary if diagnosed.
8. Skin tags
Skin tags are benign growths that can appear anywhere on the skin, sometimes fixed or hanging from a stalk, known as acrochordons. They are most commonly found on the eyelids, neck, armpits, and groin.
Skin tags
Multiple skin tags may indicate type 2 diabetes.
Take action
If you have numerous skin tags, ask your doctor for diabetes testing. Discuss the need for better management if diagnosed with diabetes.
9. Cluster of small bumps or a raised patch
Granuloma annulare, which causes bumps and patches of various colors, may be linked to diabetes, although not in all cases. It is advisable to notify your doctor if you experience small, irregular bumps that come and go.
Granuloma annulare
Different colored bumps and patches are characteristic of this skin condition.
Take action
Inform your doctor if you have irregular bumps that appear and disappear on your skin.
10. Yellow, reddish, brown, or purplish patches on your skin
Necrobiosis lipoidica, characterized by reddish-brown or purplish spots on the shins, may suggest diabetes, especially if the spots are not itchy or painful. These spots may gradually develop into patches with waxy skin in the center.
Necrobiosis lipoidica on shins
Examine waxy-feeling skin in reddish patches.
Take action
Consider diabetes testing, work on better diabetes control, and consult a dermatologist regarding necrobiosis lipoidica.
When to see a dermatologist
Skin issues related to diabetes are generally harmless but can worsen with the condition. A certified dermatologist can assist in recognizing and managing these problems effectively.
Are all dermatologists board certified?
Learn about the certification process to ensure quality care.
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Images used with permission from various sources.
References
List of references for further reading and information.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes can manifest gradually and are similar in both adults and children.
Who is more likely to get type 2 diabetes
Risk factors for type 2 diabetes include age, ethnic background, family history, weight, and level of physical activity.
Older adults are more at risk for developing type 2 diabetes, as age is a significant risk factor for the disease. People of certain ethnic backgrounds, such as African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American, and Pacific Islander, are also more prone to developing type 2 diabetes.
Individuals with a family history of diabetes are more likely to develop the disease themselves. Being overweight or obese is another major risk factor for type 2 diabetes, as excess body fat can lead to insulin resistance.
Furthermore, leading a sedentary lifestyle with little physical activity increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Regular exercise can help in managing weight, improving insulin sensitivity, and reducing the risk of developing diabetes.
Non-urgent advice: See a GP if:
If you suspect you have type 2 diabetes, it is crucial to get checked, especially if you are at a higher risk.
Some common symptoms of type 2 diabetes include frequent urination, increased thirst, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurred vision, and slow-healing sores or frequent infections. If you are experiencing any of these symptoms, it is important to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan.
Check your risk
Utilize online tools or seek a health check to evaluate your risk of developing diabetes.
How type 2 diabetes is diagnosed
Diagnose type 2 diabetes through a blood test to determine the appropriate treatment.
If you’re told you have type 2 diabetes
After diagnosis, consult your diabetes care team for expert guidance on treatment and management.
It is important to follow a healthy lifestyle, including eating a balanced diet, engaging in regular physical activity, monitoring your blood sugar levels, and taking any prescribed medications as directed by your healthcare provider. Managing type 2 diabetes requires a combination of medication, diet, exercise, and regular monitoring to keep your blood sugar levels under control.
If you’re diagnosed with prediabetes
Prediabetes refers to higher than normal blood glucose levels, increasing the risk of future diabetes. Lifestyle modifications can help prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes.
It’s important to take prediabetes seriously and make changes to your diet and physical activity levels. Some tips for managing prediabetes include:
- Eat a healthy, balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins.
- Avoid sugary drinks and foods high in saturated fats.
- Engage in regular physical activity, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, for at least 30 minutes a day.
- Maintain a healthy weight by monitoring your portion sizes and eating mindfully.
- Get regular check-ups with your healthcare provider to monitor your blood glucose levels and make necessary adjustments to your treatment plan.
By making healthy lifestyle choices, you can reduce your risk of developing type 2 diabetes and improve your overall health and well-being.
Find out more
Explore educational courses to learn more about type 2 diabetes and receive support for yourself, family members, or caregivers.
More in Type 2 diabetes
Page last reviewed on: 10 February 2025
Next review scheduled for: 10 February 2028
Diabetes is a chronic condition that is prevalent among older adults, affecting approximately 33% of individuals aged 65 and older.
Common symptoms of diabetes in older adults include increased thirst and urination, blurry vision, and fatigue.
If you notice any of these warning signs, promptly consult your doctor to detect diabetes early and prevent complications in the future.
Among older adults, type 2 diabetes is the predominant form, with almost half of cases occurring in individuals aged 65 and older. Elderly individuals with diabetes are at higher risk for complications like hypoglycemia, heart disease, and kidney failure. Recognizing diabetes symptoms is essential for older adults.
What are the symptoms of diabetes in older adults?
The symptoms of diabetes can vary from person to person. Some may have mild symptoms, while others may show clear warning signs. Here are 10 common indicators to be aware of.
- Increased thirst and urination: High levels of glucose in the blood can cause the kidneys to work harder, resulting in increased thirst and frequent urination.
- Excessive fatigue: Elevated blood sugar levels can lead to fatigue and difficulties in converting glucose into energy.
- Slow-healing wounds: Diabetes can slow down the healing process, leading to delayed healing of cuts and bruises.
- Dizziness and fainting: Weakness and fainting episodes may occur due to hypoglycemia.
- Headaches: Fluctuations in blood sugar can trigger headaches in older adults with diabetes.
- Tingling in hands and feet: Nerve damage from diabetes can cause tingling sensations.
- Blurry vision: Elevated blood glucose levels can impact vision, potentially causing vision loss.
- Gum problems: Diabetes can heighten the risk of gum infections and other oral health issues.
- Increased appetite: Diabetes may result in increased hunger, particularly for sugary foods.
- Dry mouth: Dry mouth, along with dry lips and tongue, can be a sign of diabetes.
What should I do if I have symptoms of diabetes?
If you notice any of these diabetes symptoms, it is important to consult your healthcare provider. They may perform tests such as the A1C test, oral glucose tolerance test, or fasting plasma glucose test to screen for diabetes.
An inclusive diabetes management plan can assist you in leading a healthy and active life with the condition. Regular screening for diabetes is advised, especially for adults aged 45 and above, to detect signs early and prevent complications.